WHY YOU NEED TO READ THIS

According to an Extraterrestrial source, there are just four primary forces from which all other forces are derived, and one of them is gravity. Our science currently has a somewhat different perspective on this matter. Gravity is the most pervasive force shaping planetary and cosmic processes and we do not yet understand it well enough to be able to generate it at will. When we do, space travel and indeed all travel will undergo a tremendous revolution which will bring great changes to our civilization.

The colonization of solar space - a huge, open expanse blessed with a vast and constant supply of sunlight - will only become accessible to the average person when travel within it becomes as affordable as an international aircraft flight. When that day comes, we will be able to give our planet back to the work for which it is so well suited - the evolution of an infinitely rich and adaptive ecosystem - from which we can then take a great variety of ecosystems for use in our future solar space habitats.

It has been recognized for decades that "UFO's" - the craft used by ET visitors to our world - operate on artificial gravity. Numerous crashed UFO's have been retrieved and taken to secret facilities for study while the retrieval was covered up. After more than half a century of secret research these efforts will almost certainly have led to significant progress, but the veil of official secrecy has been so impenetrable that despite its huge potential economic benefits, gravity propulsion has not yet appeared in the public domain.

The call for official disclosures has been made repeatedly down the decades, and while some disclosures have been made, the core of the matter - the ET presence and their activities in our world - has not been officially admitted. While efforts towards disclosure need to be supported and maintained despite the modest success to date, calling for it is not the only way in which it can be brought about. The "back engineering" of ET technology is not and never was the exclusive prerogative of scientists working secretly in secret laboratories. We can do this in the public domain too, and while we may not be able to pour billions into the undertaking, we can secure the equivalent of these billions by getting help from the ET's and from whistleblowers.

Here in this article is the result of decades of work in back engineering ET propulsion. By using every scrap of sightings data, unplanned "disclosures" and ET information available to me, I think was able to compensate for not having huge sums to spend. I'm not going to build a "UFO" and fly it to London or Mars. That too would require many billions. I'm just going to put what I have found out into the public domain. Sooner or later somebody will do the experiments and the demo flight to London or Mars. And then everybody will know that solar space is ours to live in. The energy output of our sun is roughly ten billion times the energy which shines onto Earth. That will give you some idea of the value of the "real estate" in solar space and the value of Earth as an ecological nursery that makes those habitats possible. And somewhere along the way we are bound to meet our ET visitors.

INTRODUCTION

In the series "Reflections on Gravity" which may be read on the ACUFOS website at "www.acufos.asn.au" I set out a fairly detailed presentation of a theory of gravity which I hope will lead us more readily to the utilization of gravity for space travel and other applications, and a better understanding of the cosmic processes observed by our astronomers. The object was to describe precisely what was intended so that it could be examined critically and this required the use of a certain amount of mathematics in the form of formulas.

This article is intended for the general reader interested in the subject. Many people are interested in scientific and technical topics that impact on their present or future lifestyle, or make the universe more understandable, and there is an entire industry of writers dedicated to filling this need. Gravity has implications for astronomy, cosmology and our daily lives, so this article will hopefully strike a chord with many readers.

WHAT IS GRAVITY?

All things on this planet are subject to its gravity which attracts our bodies downwards and gives them weight. The gravity of other celestial objects like the sun, moon, other planets, and our galaxy also act, but since they affect our bodies and the planet almost equally, we barely notice these influences, except as we see them in tides, for example. We grow up with the daily experience of gravity and may not imagine an existence without it, which means that we may not even realize how unusual a planetary existence is.

A few centuries ago astronomers began to make accurate measurements of the motions of heavenly bodies and discovered the solar system. They "saw" a sun, planets and moons moving in "space". "Something" was causing the observed motions of planets and moons, and this thing was eventually discovered to be the same thing that made objects fall on Earth, and gave us weight. "Gravity" and "Inertia" were discovered. At this stage we had discovered the existence of these things, but we did not understand what they were.

In science, as in other practical pursuits, we may not be able to do what we want to, so we do what we can. It has been so with gravity. We have always wanted to understand something so pervasive in our existence as gravity, but our efforts have so far failed. Hence we turned to the next best option - we have striven to describe the action of gravity as precisely as we can, hoping that this would eventually open the door to a greater understanding. First Isaac Newton proposed his law of "Universal Gravitation", which was beautifully precise, and more recently Albert Einstein proposed his theory of "General Relativity" which extended the scope of gravity theory beyond Newton's.

Gravity research does not get much press in the media, and is just one of many specialties of scientific study and research, but it seems to have a large following in both scientific and lay camps, if one were to go by the millions of references which web search engines bring up. This present effort is therefore just one of many. It has been guided by both human science and "extraterrestrial" information. It is an attempt to "explain" the nature of gravity, as well as to improve the theory.

NEWTONIAN GRAVITY

Newton postulated that all particles of matter were attracted to each other with a force that drew them together along the line joining them. The force acting between any pair of particle was not affected by the presence or absence of others. This attraction diminished as the particles were moved apart, becoming four times smaller for each doubling of the separation. It was deemed to extend to "infinity", becoming ever weaker, but never disappearing completely. The property that the action of one source of gravity is not affected by the presence of other sources is called "linearity".

An important concept which emerged from Newtonian Gravity was the "Gravity Potential" which may be calculated or measured at any point in the space around or within a gravitational body. This quantity determines the "escape velocity" from that place, which is the velocity an object must have to be able to escape from the gravity field and move away to "infinity". Another important property, which was discovered by Galileo and incorporated by Newton, was that at any point in the gravity field, all objects, if acted upon only by gravity, display the same rate of acceleration.

GENERAL RELATIVITY

Einstein made use of the fact that a Newtonian gravity field could be chraracterised completely by its acceleration at any point in space. He found that by distorting (usually described as "curving") "time" and "space" he could create that acceleration. By postulating that acceleration due to gravity and acceleration by other means affect particles in the same way (his "Principle of Equivalence") he was then able to use curved "spacetime" to represent the gravity process. Instead of the "Field of Force" of Newton, Einstein had a distortion of spacetime where time was slowed and space was stretched. The amount of this slowing and stretching was determined by the Newtonian gravity potential, and in this way General Relativity retained its link with Newtonian gravity and its experimental successes.

Einstein's gravity could not be "linear" in the way in which Newton's was linear because of the "curving" of space and time in his theory. This curvature can make the mathematics very much more difficult, and many topics in General Relativity had to await the development of powerful computers before they could be studied. Scientists could look for evidence of curvature in gravity, and when this was found, and had just the value required by this theory, the theory was validated.

THE ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY OF GRAVITY (EMG)

The theory to be presented here will be called the Electromagnetic Theory of Gravity (EMG). In order to explain it, it will be necessary to introduce a few Physics concepts, namely:

1. Fields
2. Electricity and the electric constant
3. Magnetism and the magnetic constant
4. The electromagnetic constants of space and of matter media.
5. The electromagnetic constitution of matter and energy postulate.
6. The electromagnetic gravity hypothesis

1. Fields

Notice how objects fall to the ground if relesed in midair. No matter where you go on the ground or in a ship over water, objects display the same tendency. The same thing is also experienced in an aircraft. You may recall seeing astronauts on the moon where there is no air, falling down or dropping things much as happens on Earth, only more slowly. This tendency of objects to fall down exists everywhere around, above and in the Earth, and similarly for the moon and indeed all other celestial objects. The thing causing objects to fall down is not visible but it is present everywhere. We call this effect a "field of force" since we experience it as a force when we prevent objects from falling down. A field of force may or may not manifest in ways other than a force. We will only consider the forces exerted by them.

Fields of force have a source, and are typically strongest near that source and decrease in strength as we move away from it. The "strength" of any field of force is measured by the magnitude of the force exerted on a "standard" object. In the case of gravity, a standard object might be a 1 kg mass.

2. Electricity

Electricity is generated naturally in the atmosphere and creates lightning. When two different objects are rubbed together each object may become electrified. This can happen to a plastic comb drawn through our hair, and to our bodies when we walk barefoot on a synthetic carpet, especially on a warm dry day. Although we collect electricity on objects like combs etc. it does not require those objects in order to exist. They are just a convenient way for us to handle the electricity, much as a cup is a convenient way to handle water.

There are two kinds of electricity or electric "charge", and they are always created in equal amounts or not at all. Once created they can be moved about independently of each other. When one of these two kinds of electric charge is accumulated on a suitable body, we can move it far away from other charges and study its properties. We find that the charge resides on the outer surfaces of a body, and the body is surrounded by a field of force which we call an "electric field". This field acts on other charges attracting or repelling them. Like charges repel each other and unlike charges attract each other. Electric fields tend to fill all of the space surrounding the source charge whether that space be a vacuum, air, liquid or solid, provided that these media do not conduct electricity, in which case the source charge would quickly leak away. The field diminishes with distance from its source but tends to extend to "infinity".

The property of electric fields of interest to us is the force exerted by an electric field existing in a vacuum on a material insulator. For our purpose air is near enough to a vacuum, which makes experimenting much easier. In Figure 1 a metal sphere is charged and placed on an insulating pedestal so that this charge can not leak away. A series of ball shaped objects composed of different insulator materials, all having the same size are brought to within the same distance of the charged sphere and the force, if any is measured. It will be found that all the balls are attracted towards the charged sphere but the strength of that attraction is different for different materials. We can even use this set-up to measure the attraction of air. If one of the objects is a hollow sphere composed of an insulator, we do the experiment once with the sphere containing air and once with the air pumped out. The air-filled sphere is attracted slightly more strongly and the difference can be attributed to the attraction between air and the electric field.

Insulating materials (including the vacuum) have long been characterised by an electric constant. It turns out that the strength of the attraction measured by our experimental set-up increases with increasing values of this constant. Further experimentation would reveal that the type of charge creating the electric field (positive or negative) does not affect the measured attraction. Indeed the direction of the electric field or its polarity do not matter. What matters is the intensity and gradient (how fast it decreases with distance from its source) of the electric field. In our experiment these have been kept the same, so that we can attribute differences in the attraction to the medium being tested. Experimentation would also reveal that the charged sphere is drawn towards our test object with the same force that the test object is drawn towards the charged sphere.

An everyday example of this effect is the following experiment. Tear or cut up some small pieces of paper and put them on a dry insulated table (say a glass or laminate surface). Charge up a comb or similar object and bring it near the pieces of paper. The pieces of paper are uncharged and yet they are drawn towards the comb.

Our theory of gravity proposes that this interaction between an electric field and an insulating medium is one part of the two-part force we call gravity.

3. Magnetism

Almost everyone has handled magnets. We use them to clip messages to our fridges, and they will remain there for as long as we like, virtually forever. A "magnet" is an object made of metal or ceramic, which is surrounded by a magnetic field of force. This field acts on other magnets. Whereas electric charges are "monopolar" meaning that we can collect one or the other charge, magnets are "bipolar" in that they always have two opposed sources of the magnetic field. A bar magnet like for example a compass needle has two opposed polarities at each of its ends which we call its North and South poles.

All material media including space have a magnetic constant which can be measured by means of an appropriate procedure. In this case the material medium does not need to be an insulator. It turns out that most materials have a magnetic constant equal to or very close to the constant for the vacuum, but some ceramics and metals like ferrite and iron have a magnetic constant thousands of times bigger than the constant for the vacuum.

The fridge magnet is a well known example of the attraction between a magnetic field and a medium having a magnetic constant larger than that for air. Ferrite and rare earth magnets are readily available and can be experimented with. The fridge panel is an iron sheet. No matter how the magnet is oriented it is always attracted to the fridge panel. This is consistent with the idea that the direction and polarity of the magnetic field does not matter, only the intensity and gradient of the field.

The force between a magnetic field and a medium is the second part of the gravity force as envisaged by our theory of gravity.

4. The Electromagnetic Constant

It is convenient to combine the electric and magnetic constants of a particular medium by multiplying them together. The result is called the "Electromagnetic constant" ("emc") of that medium.

The speed of light passing through a medium is determined by the value of its emc. The larger this constant, the slower the speed of light. Since the speed of light in the vacuum (space) has a definite value, its emc must also have a definite value. If this constant were zero for a vacuum, the speed of light in the vacuum would be infinite.

5. The Electromagnetic Constitution of Matter and Energy

The first proposition of our theory of gravity is that the internal structure of all matter and all energy is made from only electric and magnetic fields. The detailed exploration of this idea will teach us much about the nature of matter and energy, and must be consistent with experimental observations. For the present we will just state our proposition and defer further explanations to another time.

6. The Electromagnetic Gravity (EMG) Hypothesis

The second proposition of our theory of gravity is that in the vicinity of bodies of matter like the Earth or Sun, the electromagnetic constant of the vacuum is larger than it is further away from these bodies. Hence the emc has a gradient, since it varies with distance from the body. When the emc of the vacuum increases, the electric and magnetic constants increase in the same proportions. In this respect the vacuum differs from material media in which changes in the electric and magnetic constant are not linked.

If everything is made out of electric and magnetic fields, both matter, light and energy are attracted towards increasing emc ie towards the source body, in direct proportion to their total field energy or mass/energy. This is exactly the way in which gravity fields are observed to behave.

We have already noted that where the emc increases, light moves more slowly. Hence the speed of light is less closer to these bodies than further away. Indeed we find it convenient to describe the gravity field in terms of the emc "field" or the speed of light "field", particularly the latter.

7. An Optical Model for EMG

The action of gravity is modelled by a simple optical phenomenon, Figure 2. Here we have a rectangular block of glass having an emc four times that for air. A photon (a single "particle" of light) is shown as a ball shaped object on a horizontal path approaching the left face of the block. It enters the glass and continues on its horizontal trajectory. In due course the photon arrives at the right face of the block, passes out of the glass and continues on horizontally in air.

Looking more closely, we realize that the speed of light in the glass is half the speed in air, so the photon in the glass is shown as an ellipsoid because it shortens to half its original length as it enters the glass. It recovers its original shape and speed again as it leaves the glass. Recalling that all photons are built from electric and magnetic fields, we note that as the photon enters the glass it is attracted into the glass and gains forward momentum. In spite of this attraction, the photon actually slows to half its original speed in air. When it leaves the glass a similar attraction acts to pull the photon back into the glass, and reduces its forward momentum, but the photon actually speeds up to twice its speed in the glass.

The energy of the photon is the same in air as it is in the glass and when back in the air. This has to be so because the wavelenth or colour of the photon emerging from the glass, is the same as the photons incident on the glass. The momentum and energy considerations as they apply to the photon in this process require that the mass of the photon in the glass be four times its mass in air.

Another version of Figure 2 is shown in Figure 3. Here the emc of the glass block does not rise abruptly at the outer surface of the block, but there is a thick transition layer in which the emc increases progressively from the value for air to four times that value. On the other side the emc decreases in a similar way back to the value for air. Now the photon enters the block, slows down progressively to half its speed in air, crosses the middle portion where the emc is constant at a constant speed and then speeds up progressively to the value in air as it emerges on the right face of the block. The mass of the photon increases and then decreases progressively also. The length of the photon shortens progressively as it slows and later lengthens progressively again as it speeds up.

The first phase of the motion in Figure 3 corresponds to a photon descending in a gravity field where its speed and wavelength decrease and its mass increases, and the second phase, where the photon speeds up again while its wavelength increases and its mass decreases, corresponds to a photon rising in a gravity field. In the gravity field, as in our optical phenomenon, the energy of the photon remains constant throughout.

This optical process takes place uncountable numbers of times in every glass window on the planet, every body of surface water, every piece of glass or crystal, every camera lens and every human and nonhuman eye. If this theory of gravity stands up to critical testing as I think it will, we will have to deal with the humbling realization that we are and have been surrounded by myriad hints about the nature of gravity, that it was reflected in the operation of our eyes, and we failed to see it, although we have known the necessary Physics for well over a century.

THE PROPERTIES OF ELECTROMAGNETIC GRAVITY

Having described "Electromagnetic Gravity" we can now outline its properties. Here it is convenient for us to characterise a gravity field by is "Gravity Potential". The way in which gravity affects various properties of matter and energy is shown in Table 1 which shows the relationship between each property at some place in the gravity field and the gravity potential at that place.

8. The Gravity Potential

Before Newton, Galileo had already demonstrated experimentally that when acted upon only by gravity, all objects regardless of their mass, size shape or any other property were accelerated equally. Now the acceleration due to gravity decreases as we move further away from the source body. The cumulative effect of this acceleration, from "infinity" (or very far away where the acceleration is negligible) to a point close to the source body, is calculated by breaking up this distance into small steps, measuring the acceleration at each step, multiplying the local acceleration by the length of that step, and adding up all the numbers so obtained. This total is the gravity potential at the point closer to the source body.

In Newton's theory, the gravity potential is calculated in exactly the same way, but there is an important difference between the two potentials. In EMG, other things being equal, the value of the acceleration of gravity decreases with increasing potential, making this acceleration itself non-linear, whereas Newtonian potential is linear in the sense defined above. In EMG, at the limiting potential Q, the gravitational acceleration from any source whatever is zero, and the gravity potential can not increase beyond this limiting value because of this.

The first row of Table 1 shows various values of the gravity potential "Pg" as calculated in EMG, ranging from zero to "1". These values are comparative, and "1" represents the limiting potential "Q" of EMG. The second row of Table 1 shows the values of Newtonian potential ("Pn") that correspond to the values of the EMG potential ("Pg"), where "1" is also the limiting potential "Q". Note that Newtonian theory and General Relativity have no limiting potential.

Table 1. The Effect of Gravity Potential on various Properties 

9. The Limiting Potential in EMG

The Limiting Potential ("Q") equals half of the square of the speed of light at "infinity". For several reasons this value is not attained in any cosmic object but it may be approached to various degrees. As a consequence "black holes" and their associated "singularities" are not possible in EMG. In Table 1 the second row shows us that to achieve a Pg of "Q", the Newtonian potential would have to be infinite - an infinite mass or an infinite mass density or both. Note that since the mass of objects in gravity fields increases ever faster, we use the mass at infinity of the particles present in the body when calculating Pn.

10. The Speed of Light

We have already noted that the speed of light "c" decreases as we enter a gravity field. It turns out that there is a relationship between the value of the gravity potential at any point in a gravity field and the speed of light at that point as shown by the third row of Table 1. The speed of light would be zero when the gravity potential equals the limiting potential Q. A value of "1" in this row represents the speed of light "C" outside the gravity field, at "infinity".

11. The Electromagnetic Constant (emc) of Space

We have also noted that the emc has an inverse relationship with the speed of light. This trend can be seen on comparing the third and fourth rows of Table 1. In the fourth row an emc of "1" is the value outside the gravity field, "EMC".

12. The Mass of Objects in Gravity Fields

When an object is lowered in a gravity field, it gives up energy to the agency lowering it, just as water descending in pipes drives the turbines of a hydroelectric power station. Despite this loss of energy, the mass of the object "m" actually increases, and would be infinite at the limiting potential as shown in the fifth row of Table 1. Here a value of "1" represents the mass of the object "M" outside the gravity field.

13. The Rest Energy of Objects

In principle matter can be created out of energy and vice versa. The energy needed to create an object is called its "Rest Energy" or "Self Energy". This energy decreases as the object is lowered in a gravity field. The lost rest energy manifests as the energy given up by the object as it is lowered in the gravity field. When the object is raised in a gravity field, the energy imparted to it by the raising agency becomes its rest energy. The rest energy of an object would be zero at the limiting potential Q. It follows the same trend with gravity potential as the speed of light, and is not shown in Table 1.

14. The Acceleration Due to Gravity

Imagine an experiment in which the gravitational acceleration (g) between two masses is measured. The experiment can be performed at infinity, far from any gravitational mass where the acceleration is measured to be "gi". It can then be repeated in the gravity field of various bodies and at various gravity potentials where "g" is measured. The variation of "g" with "Pg" is shown in row 6 of Table 1. Note that the gravity effect disappears altogether at the limiting potential "Q". This is why an infinite Pn is needed to make Pg equal to Q. Note also that since the speed of light is zero at the potential Q, changes in gravity potential can not be propagated from the place where they are generated into the surrounding space. This is another reason why Pg can never attain to Q let alone exceed it.

15. Objects in Free Fall

An object subject only to the force of gravity is said to be in "Free Fall". An object or a photon in free fall has a constant total energy. Thus the rest energy plus the kinetic energy of an object in free fall remains constant. Likewise, the energy of a photon in free fall is also constant. As a consequence photons can escape from any gravity field, since they lose no energy in doing so. This property seems illogical at first glance. Note however that a photon or particle descending in a gravity field gains downward momentum and loses upward momentum when ascending, and this does conform to our intuitive expectations.

16. Internal Activity

In any material object there are all kinds of cyclic or vibratory processes going on. These processes slow as the object enters into a gravity field, and would stop altogether at the limiting potential Q. They have the same trend with the gravity potential Pg as does the speed of light, and are not shown in Table 1.

17. Redshifting of Light

Since the rest energy of objects is decreased in a gravity field, the energy associated with the spectral lines of atoms and molecules is similarly reduced. When atoms or molecules in a gravity field emitt photons which are observed at infinity, they have less energy than the the same spectral lines emitted from atoms or molecules at infinity. This means that they have a longer wavelength and are said to be "redshifted".

18. The Energy of the Gravity Field

When an object is lowered in a gravity field, some of its rest energy is given up, as indicated above. At the same time the star or planet which is responsible for the gravity field we are considering gives up an exactly equal amount of rest energy which flows into the intensifying gravity field. For matter at the limiting potential, exactly half of the original rest energy of all its particles would be stored in the gravity field, the other half would have been radiated away into space. These particles would no longer have any rest energy, and one might speculate on how they are kept in existence. Since the limiting potential is never attained, we are spared this headache.

19. The Cosmic Pressure Cooker

The stability of gravitational bodies depends on the balance between the weight of the body which tends to cause it to collapse inwards and the pressure generated within the body, which resists that tendency. The pressure which nuclei and subatomic particles can resist can not exceed their energy density, which is their rest energy divided by their volume. Now the rest energy of all particles in the core of a gravitating body decreases with increasing potential, becoming zero at the potential Q. This means that the ability of these particles to resist pressure decreases towards zero and must fall below the core pressure at some point before the gravity potential rises to Q.

For most of the life of a star, the particles at its core which have to resist the highest pressure due to gravity, are surrounded by much more space than their own volume. Only in so-called "neutron stars" has this space all but disappeared. In the less dense stars pressure is generated by energetic collisions amongst the particles, as happens also in our atmosphere. This energy may be due to heat that can be lost to space or to a quantum state, which can not escape into space. Moving particles not only have kinetic energy in addition to their rest energy, but they are actually more compact, becoming infinitely compact at the speed of light. Consequently the energy density and hence ability to resist pressure, of particles with extra energy helps them to withstand pressure better than particles with little or no extra energy. However, there is always a small fraction of the core particles which have little or no extra energy, and they will succumb to the core pressure first.

Stars tend to collapse to greater densities and they tend to capture matter from their surroundings as they pass through their various evolutionary phases. Both of these processes tend to increase their core gravity potentials and their core pressures. Thus, as the core pressure increases, the ability of the particles (protons, electrons, neutrons etc) in their cores to resist this pressure decreases.

A point is eventually reached after a star has used up its nuclear fuels and lost much of the heat in its core, when the core particles can no longer resist this pressure and they interact in ways generally similar to high energy collisions produced by means of particle accelerators. In particular fermion to boson type interactions involving the weak nuclear force will take place. Fermions are particles which exclude other particles from their space while bosons can interpenetrate each other and occupy the same space in great numbers. The end products from these reactions tend to be photons and neutrinos, both of which can escape from the gravity field.

Thus, contrary to General Relativity, black holes do not happen in EMG, and stars which run out of nuclear fuel can become "dark" for a time. Eventually as they capture more and more matter from their environment, they enter their matter burning phase, which, in principle can go on until only one such body is left in the universe. While General Relativity expects neutron stars only a few times more massive than the sun to collapse to black holes, EMG gives such stars a stable existence for an indefinite time, until conditions for matter burning arise. As a consequence much more of the matter in galaxies and the universe in general may exist in the form of dark bodies, and they may account for the so-called dark matter which astronomers assume to exist, based on the dynamic process within and between galaxies.

20. The Rate of Time

In Special and General Relativity, the rate of time is taken to correspond to the internal processes of matter. These internal processes slow down in moving objects, stopping altogether at the speed of light, if that could be attained. They also slow in gravity fields as we have seen, stopping altogether at the limiting potential, if that could be attained. In EMG we propose that internal processes, motion and gravity are all components of the rate of time which always add up to a value that is related to the speed of light at infinity. This rate of time is imprinted on every particle and every photon in the universe. A common rate of time allows interacting particles to remain simultaneous in time. If two interacting particles, having different speeds also have different rates of time (as General Relativity holds), a logical paradox is created which becomes critical when forward and reverse time processes are studied.

The equations of Special Relativity and the equations of EMG were combined into a composite set which corresponded to General Relativity, as detailed in "Reflections on Gravity" Part 3. The composite equations could be graphed as spheres, and implied the existence of a universal rate of time. By proposing other rates of time that characterised other "universes" capable of sharing space with our universe, a series of concentric spheres were obtained, one describing each universe. These same sphere diagrams also pointed to the existence of "Reverse Time", making our and all the other universes dual entities having two opposed streams of time that have the same rate. The implications of the gravity axis in the sphere diagrams, and the associated equations, have yet to be fully explored.

21. How "Empty" Space is Created

So far we have spoken of the speed of light at "infinity", meaning very far away from the gravitational body under consideration. However, our "infinity turns out to be a relative term. If we were to travel very far away from the solar system, the gravity of the sun would indeed be negligible. However, as we move away from the sun, we inevitably approach other stars, and their gravity potential will grow. As long as we are within our galaxy we can not go to "infinity", because its hundreds of billions of stars would generate a substantial residual potential everywhere within the galaxy.

We might move outside our galaxy but the same process will repeat itself there. Before we are far enough from our galaxy, we start to get too close to other galaxies and their gravity fields. Here too we are surrounded by billions of galaxies which have a significant combined gravity potential at any place we might go in the universe.

So far we have assumed without questioning it, that space had a defined emc at "infinity" and so the speed of light had a definite value at infinity. Since we can not readily find any place in the universe which is "at infinity", we might wonder if the emc of space in our universe is due only to this residual gravity. If so, then we would have to go well outside the universe to find a place which was truly "at infinity", and that only if there were no other universes out there. In this case we would expect the the gravity contribution to the emc of space to decrease towards zero, and as a consequence the speed of light (and its associated emc) would approach a value determined by causes other than the gravity of our universe.

A close examination of the equations of EMG, especially those which calculate the speed of light in a gravity field, shows that a finite speed for light outside the universe is implied, and furthermore, if we use the internal activity of matter as a basis for measuring time - something we have stated represented only a part of the rate of time - then we would always measure the speed of light at infinity in any measurement made in any gravity field and in any state of uniform motion. As a consequence, the gravity of our universe is not responsible for the value of the emc outside it, only the increases in this value above the value "at infinity". Hence, the cause and explanation of "space" may lie outside our universe.

22. Astronomical Implications

The differences between EMG and General Relativity are at their greatest at the "extreme" end of the gravity spectrum - where the gravity potential Pg approaches the limiting potential Q (while the speed of light approaches zero). The astronomical phenomena close to the zero speed of light end of the spectrum are neutron stars, quasars and black holes. The latter, according to EMG do not exist, and the other two will be found to behave differently when studied in the context of EMG, mainly their matter burning processes, radiation of energy and spontaneous change in mass which General Relativity does not predict. These differences may allow the two theories to be tested against each other, and may lead to a better understanding of massive compact bodies and their role in the evolution of galaxies and the universe.

We have not examined "Big Bang" cosmology using EMG. That is a huge project in itself, and will almost certainly require us to utilize forward and reverse time as well as gravity and antigravity. If so, cosmology with EMG may look very different from the current theory. However, we can examine the so-called cosmological redshift.

Astronomers have observed that light coming from distant galaxies is redshifted, as though these objects were moving away from us. This is observed in every direction and the more distant the galaxy, the greater the redshift. Two interpretations of this redshift have been offered. One is that the galaxies are moving away from each other in space, so that the redshift is the kind which causes the tone of a whistle to change as it moved past an observer, usually called the Doppler effect. The other interpretation is that the galaxies are moving much more slowly in space, but that spacetime itself is expanding and carrying the galaxies with it. Starlight proceeding in this expanding space is stretched with the expansion and hence redshifted.

From the perspective of EMG, the fact that at the cores of massive compact bodies the speed of light can be less than 1% of the free space value means that galaxies (90% of which is massive compact bodies) are "anchored" in space and therefore there is no adequate Doppler effect to explain the cosmological redshift. We are therefore left with the expanding space idea.

In EMG empty space has a finite emc and therefore has a finite energy density. If space expands, the energy density must decrease and the emc decreases as well. This means that as space expands the speed of light in space increases, the rest mass of all matter decreases while its rest energy increases, just as happens in the changing emc fields of gravitational bodies. However, the energy of photons moving in this expanding space stays constant, just as it stays constant around gravitational bodies.

If the rest mass of atoms increases over time as space expands, then the energy associated with all the spectral lines of those atoms also increases in direct proportion. If a particular atom emits photons of a particular spectral line at this time, and some of these photons are later captured and compared with the spectral lines of the same atoms at this later time, the energy of the earlier photons will be less than the energy of the later photons of the same spectral line. This difference is the cosmological redshift according to EMG.

From the perspective of EMG the cosmological redshift tells us that not only is the universe "expanding" but the rest energy of all matter is increasing while its mass is decreasing and the rate of time (as determined by the free-space speed of light) is increasing. From the perspective of EMG, the "Big Bang" if it happened took place when the rate of time and the speed of light were almost zero, the dynamic mass of the universe was huge and the gravitational mass minute by comparison. Since that time, the total energy of the universe has been increasing steadily. One might say it has been getting more and more "real". These trends have obvious implications for cosmology. Most importantly perhaps, we may be able to study the big bang with the laws of Nature that we find in its present phase, and that the universe is evolving "upwards" in both frequency and quality.

INFORMATION FROM EXTRATERRESTRIAL SOURCES

1. George Hunt Williamson: "The Saucers Speak"

Williamson was a member of a group of individuals engaged in an ongoing communication with Extra Terrestrial visitors, using radio and other means. On 19 September, 1952 they obtained the following information, which was part of a larger message:

"... The Four Great Primary Forces are: Static Magnetic Field; Electro-Static Field; Electro-Magnetic Wave; Resonating Electro-Magnetic Field. Your scientists do not understand the last one mentioned. ..."

This brief statement implies that all forces and therefore energies are electromagnetic in character. Elsewhere the messages make it very clear that the "Resonating" field is gravity.

2. Daniel Fry PhD: "The White Sands Incident"

Fry was engaged in instrumenting rockets for test firing at White Sands when he had an encounter with an alien vehicle in July 1950 during which he was taken to New York and back in about half an hour at an altitude of about 35 miles. Having a technical background, he engaged his ET host in some in-depth technical and scientific discussions on that and later occasions. The following ET information is of particular interest here:

"You are familiar enough with electrodynamics to know that a moving electron creates a magnetic field. The tremendous surge of electrons through the force rings produces a very strong magnetic field. Since the direction and amplitude of flow can be controlled through either ring, and in several paths through a 'single' ring, we can produce a field which oscillates in a pattern of precisely controlled modes. In this way we can create magnetic resonance between the two rings, or between the several segments of a single ring.

As you also know, any magnetic field which is changing in intensity will create an electric field which, at any given instant is equal in amplitude, opposite in sign, and perpendicular to the magnetic field. If the two fields become mutually resonant, a vector force will be generated. The effect is similar to, and in fact, identical with a gravitational field. If the centre of the field coincides with the craft's centre of gravity, its only effect will be to increase the inertia or the mass of the craft.

If the centre of gravity does not coincide with the centre of force, the craft will begin to accelerate towards the centre (of force)."

The "magnetic resonance" spoken of here, which is actually an electromagnetic resonance as the second paragraph states, is the same as the "resonating electromagnetic field" of Williamson. Both messages tell us the same thing, but Fry's is more detailed, and gives us more clues.

3. Frank Howard: "A Planetary Saga" and "Return of Alizantil"

Frank Howard was a "Contactee" in the traditional meaning. His home was used by visiting ET's as a safe house, and he was taken on a number of journeys in ET craft. His "A Planetary Saga" opens with:

"In the time before creation
Of this planet and its heavens
Worlds were following their orbits,
Some evolving, ever changing,
With their varied nature ranging
From the lowly to the great."

The "heavens" of this planet are described elsewhere, for example in "Return of Alizantil", starting at line 3817:

"We are free to move and travel
In the Craft at our disposal
To the many Worlds and places
Vibrating within the limits
Of our present state of being
But we know of Worlds and Levels
Far beyond our reach, my brother,
Which, in Time we shall ascend to
When we've thrown aside the body
Holding us, within these limits."

Frank often picks up this theme of "heavens", spheres or worlds of a "higher" and "lower" frequency which are concentric with Earth and held in place by its gravity field. According to him, all celestial bodies, planets and suns have this "multidimensional" character.

CONCLUSIONS

We set out to gain an understanding of the nature of gravity, and were able to find it. In doing so, we also learnt new things about "our" universe and "other" universes. When we consider the pervasive cosmic influence of gravity, this should not altogether surprise us. We have found some answers which led us to new questions. If the universe is in any sense "infinite" then perhaps we should get used to the trend that each answer generates several new questions, and that surely means that there can be no such thing as a "Theory of Everything".

Although we have not spelled out in detail, how the Electromagnetic Theory of Gravity differs from General Relativity, we have noted a number of distinct differences between them. This means that ultimately it will be possible to decide between them or perhaps use them as stepping stones to a better theory. We did not explore how artificial gravity might be produced, beyond quoting ET sources. "Reflections on Gravity - Part 4" has more on this topic.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS